Francis Nicholson (1655–1728)

Early Years

Nicholson was born on November 12, 1655, in Downholme, Yorkshire. Little is known of his parentage or early years. His military career began in January 1678, when Charles Paulet, later the sixth marquess of Winchester and first duke of Bolton—in whose household Nicholson had served—purchased him a commission in the Holland Regiment. After serving in Flanders until the regiment was recalled and disbanded at the end of the year, Nicholson was commissioned a lieutenant in the earl of Plymouth's regiment, a unit created to reinforce Tangier from attack by the Moors. Service in North Africa brought Nicholson to the attention of the colonial secretary, William Blathwayt, and in July 1686 he was sent to Boston as captain of a company of infantry in the forces that supported Governor Sir Edmund Andros in the Dominion of New England, which stretched from present-day New Jersey to Maine. In 1688 Nicholson was appointed lieutenant governor of New England, with authority over New York, but in the wake of the rebellions that broke out across New England as a result of the Glorious Revolution (1688), he was soon forced to flee to England.

Governorship of Virginia

Title: Francis Howard, Baron
of Effingham
Source: Library of Virginia
More informationIn 1690, Virginia governor Francis Howard, baron Howard of Effingham, went on an extended visit to England and decided to remain there for reasons of poor health. The Crown allowed Effingham to retain the title of Virginia governor, but dispatched Francis Nicholson to rule in his stead, in the position of lieutenant governor. Serving between June 3, 1690, and September 20, 1692, Nicholson initially won the Virginians' approval, cultivating amicable relations with the General Assembly and governor's Council. He also earned a reputation as a strong supporter of the Church of England and the fledgling College of William and Mary; in particular, he became close to James Blair, commissary of the Bishop of London and one of the most influential men in the colony. At the same time, Nicholson drew upon his experience as a commander of troops in order to effectively reorganize the colony's militia.

In 1693 the Crown reassigned Nicholson to the governorship of Maryland, and appointed his former associate Edmund Andros governor of Virginia. Although Andros and Nicholson were both military men who shared a commitment to the Crown's policy of strengthening imperial control over the frequently recalcitrant American colonists, the two men disliked each other. Andros was irked by the fact that Nicholson, in his role as a trustee of the College of William and Mary, made regular visits to Virginia to attend board meetings at the college. By March 1698, however, Andros resigned his post due to health problems, and Nicholson finally became royal governor of Virginia.

Nicholson took up his post at an auspicious time in Virginia's social and economic development. By the close of the seventeenth century, the colony was gaining stability after nearly a hundred years of turmoil: white settlements were spreading ever farther into the interior, and the threat long posed by hostilities against the Powhatan Indians of Tsenacomoco was diminishing. Mortality rates among the settlers, both children and adults, were declining, leading to the rise of a native-born leadership class. Meanwhile many Huguenot, or French Protestant, settlers had arrived, swelling the ranks of the colony's white residents and bringing with them a variety of artisanal skills and transatlantic commercial contacts.

Title: The Bodleian Plate
Source: The Colonial Williamsburg
Foundation
More informationBolstered by many Virginians' positive recollections of his previous service, Nicholson was at first popular among the colonists. His most significant early success was to relocate the seat of government from Jamestown to Middle Plantation, a site soon renamed Williamsburg in honor of King William III. Previously, as governor of Maryland, Nicholson had presided over the replacement of St. Mary's City with Annapolis as that colony's capital, and he had played a leading role in laying out the new town in an imposing, meticulously planned metropolitan style. He did the same for the new capital at Williamsburg, serving as its chief planner and giving it a layout he considered appropriate for the seat of power in a prosperous and flourishing English colony.

Controversies and Conflicts

Nicholson's popularity did not last long. Like his predecessor, Andros, he was keen to reform Virginia's government so as to advance the interests of the empire at the expense of the authority of the colonial elite. It was not long before he began to alienate the Tidewater region's gentry, with whom he came into sustained conflict over issues such as engrossment of lands, processes of appointment to office, and particularly the common practice that allowed an individual to hold multiple colonial offices. By attempting to reform this last practice, Nicholson earned the permanent enmity of the highly influential Byrd family. Still, he continued to command the loyalty of the House of Burgesses, the lower house of the assembly, even while playing the adversary with Byrd and his fellow councillors. Similarly, Nicholson maintained popularity among the colony's ministers even though his most fervent enemy was their leader, James Blair—Nicholson's former ally.

Title: Reverend James Blair
Source: Muscarelle Museum of Art at
the College of William & Mary
More information As the Church of England's principal representative in Virginia, and with powerful friends in London, Blair occupied a position of great power in both sacred and secular spheres. As such, he was the natural leader of any opposition to the governor. His frequent clashes with Andros were a major element in the latter's unpopularity in the colony, and in Andros's eventual decision to resign his post. Both Blair and Nicholson, meanwhile, were well known for their intransigence and their determination to prevail over their opponents. Although in the course of his lieutenant governorship, Nicholson had obtained for Blair the presidency of the College of William and Mary, and Blair had played a leading role in securing Nicholson's appointment as Andros's successor, once Blair became a member of the governor's Council, the two men were often in conflict. At first they competed for the authority to induct ministers, but eventually they quarreled over many other issues.

In addition to stirring up political controversies, Nicholson incurred communal dislike through his personal behavior. As a career soldier "very much given to passion" (as he put it), the governor often lost his temper so that councilors later accused him of hurling abusive language at them, using words "such as Rogues, Villians, Raskalls, Cowards, Dogs, &c." Meanwhile, his persistent and unsubtle courtship of the beautiful eighteen-year-old Lucy Burwell turned Nicholson into a laughingstock: In a speech to the House of Burgesses on September 22, 1701, Nicholson professed his admiration "for the Natives" of Virginia, "in particular but principally for One of them," but his marriage proposal to Burwell, daughter of the wealthy and influential Major Lewis Burwell of Gloucester County, was refused. The governor only made matters worse when he continued to publicly pursue Burwell even after she had become engaged to the equally privileged Edmund Berkeley II of Middlesex County.

Title: Petition Concerning the
Administration of Francis
Nicholson as Governor of
Virginia
Source: Virginia Historical Society
More informationHearing rumors of Nicholson's political and personal missteps, authorities in London requested that a Virginian named Robert Quary investigate the various complaints against the governor. Although Quary's report was highly supportive of Nicholson and dismissive of his opponents, it did give the impression of being so biased toward the governor that it resulted in Nicholson becoming even less popular within the ranks of the colony's most influential residents, among them Robert Beverley II. In May 1703 six members of the governor's Council requested that the Crown remove the governor from office, asserting that he was a man of poor personal character, and thus was not an appropriate choice to serve as the monarch's representative in the colony. Following lengthy debates in London, the imperial authorities dismissed Nicholson from his governorship in April 1705, replacing him with Colonel Edward Nott.

Later Years

Though it was likely a blow to his pride, his dismissal from office was not the end of Nicholson's imperial career. By 1712, having led a successful military expedition in Acadia, he had been appointed governor of Nova Scotia and, from 1721 to 1725, he served as governor of South Carolina. Clearly, the Crown realized that while he was perhaps not suited to governing Virginia, his military and administrative talents merited further leadership posts in other colonies. Returning to England in 1725, Nicholson was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general. He died in London in 1728.

Time Line

• 1655 - Francis Nicholson is born in Downholme, Yorkshire. Little is known of his parentage or early years.
• January 16, 1678 - Francis Nicholson is commissioned an ensign in the king's Holland regiment. He serves in Flanders until the regiment is recalled and disbanded at the end of the year.
• July 13, 1680 - Francis Nicholson is commissioned lieutenant in the earl of Plymouth's regiment, a unit created to reinforce the North African colony of Tangier against attack by the Moors.
• February 1684 - In response to an attack by the Moors, English troops evacuate the North African colony of Tangier.
• July 30, 1686 - Francis Nicholson is commissioned captain of a company of infantry and receives orders to go to the Dominion of New England, which includes those areas between present-day New Jersey and Maine.
• December 1686 - Francis Nicholson, captain of a company of infantry sent in support of Governor Sir Edmund Andros, arrives in the Dominion of New England, which stretches from present-day New Jersey to Maine.
• August 1687 - Francis Nicholson is sent by Sir Edmund Andros, governor of New England, to Port Royal, Nova Scotia, in an unsuccessful attempt to recover a captured New England fishing boat.
• 1688 - Francis Nicholson is appointed lieutenant governor of the Dominion of New England, which stretches from present-day New Jersey to Maine. Nicholson is given specific responsibility for New York.
• 1689 - Francis Nicholson, governor of the Dominion of New England with specific responsibility for New York, flees from a rebellion there connected to the outbreak of the Glorious Revolution. He returns to England.
• June 3, 1690 - Francis Nicholson is appointed lieutenant governor of Virginia, where he will govern in the absence of Governor Francis Howard, baron Howard of Effingham.
• September 20, 1692 - A week after a new governor, Sir Edmund Andros, arrives in Virginia, Francis Nicholson resigns his position as lieutenant governor and leaves the colony.
• 1694–1698 - Francis Nicholson serves as governor of the Maryland colony.
• December 1698 - Francis Nicholson takes office as Virginia governor, replacing Sir Edmund Andros, who has resigned due to poor health.
• 1699 - James Blair cooperates with Governor Francis Nicholson in a successful effort to move Virginia's capital from Jamestown to Middle Plantation, which is renamed Williamsburg.
• September 22, 1701 - Virginia governor Francis Nicholson delivers a speech to the House of Burgesses in which he makes an unsubtle reference to his love for eighteen-year-old Lucy Burwell, daughter of Major Lewis Burwell. She declines his marriage proposal.
• May 20, 1703 - Six members of the governor's Council—James Blair, Robert Carter, Benjamin Harrison II, John Lightfoot, Philip Ludwell, and Matthew Page—complete a letter to Queen Anne urging her to remove Governor Francis Nicholson.
• August 1703 - James Blair leaves on a second trip to England to lobby for the removal of a governor, this time Francis Nicholson.
• December 8, 1703 - Edmund Jenings presents to the Board of Trade a letter from Virginia governor Francis Nicholson defending himself against the efforts of the governor's Council to have him removed.
• April 5, 1705 - The Board of Trade removes Francis Nicholson from his post as governor of Virginia.
• 1712–1715 - Francis Nicholson serves as governor of Nova Scotia.
• 1721–1725 - Francis Nicholson serves as governor of South Carolina.
• 1725 - After serving as governor of South Carolina, Francis Nicholson returns to England, where he is promoted to lieutenant general.
• 1728 - Francis Nicholson dies in London.

Further Reading

Categories

• Governors of Virginia
• Colonial History (ca. 1560–1763)
• Colonial Government

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