Title: Almond, James Lindsay
Jr. (1898–1986)
Source: The Library of Virginia
More informationJ. Lindsay Almond Jr. was
a governor of Virginia (1958–1962) whose name became synonymous with Massive Resistance, the
legislative effort used to prevent school desegregation in light of the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, Supreme
Court of the United States ruling in 1954. A Democrat and member of the Byrd Organization,
Almond is famous for closing public schools in Charlottesville, Norfolk, and
Front Royal in 1958 rather than integrating them. When the state and federal
courts declared his actions illegal, Almond submitted, thus effectively ending
the era of Massive Resistance to desegregation in Virginia.
James Lindsay Almond Jr. was born in Charlottesville on June 15, 1898. From a young age, he showed an interest in oratory and politics. By the time he was sixteen, he was making speeches on behalf of local political candidates, a practice that would eventually bring him to the attention of the powerful Democratic United States senator Harry Flood Byrd (1887–1966).
Title: Almond, James Lindsay
Jr., Inaugural Speech
Source: The Virginia Historical
Society
More informationAfter finishing law school in 1923, Almond
worked briefly as a private-practice trial lawyer in
Roanoke
before becoming assistant commonwealth's attorney. In 1933,
he received his first judgeship on the Hustings Court of the city of
Roanoke
, which was almost certainly a reward for Almond's campaign efforts
in Harry Byrd's successful 1925 gubernatorial bid. From the bench, Almond fought
against election fraud, illegal liquor sales, and, most surprisingly, the
unequal treatment given to whites and African Americans by juries.
During this time, Almond also took an active part in state and national politics, joining first in Byrd's 1925 gubernatorial campaign and then in the Democratic presidential campaigns of Al Smith in 1928 and Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932. He first ran for Congress in 1945, following the unanticipated resignation of the sixth district representative Clifton Woodrum. After a swift campaign and landslide election, Almond was sworn in on February 4, 1946. During his congressional term, Almond participated in the debates on such major legislative efforts as the Marshall Plan and the Taft-Hartley Act, both of which he vigorously supported. In April 1948, he unexpectedly became attorney general of Virginia following the death of his predecessor, Harvey Black Apperson. Byrd specifically requested Almond for the job, since he knew that Almond's speaking skills would be a vital asset in the Democrats' 1949 gubernatorial campaign.
Title: Governor J. Lindsay
Almond Jr., at the Microphone
Source: the Library of Virginia,
Prints and Photographs
Collection; Lab # 08_0649_04
More informationAlmond's tenure as attorney general and
most of his term as governor were dominated by one issue: school desegregation.
By the time Almond ran for governor in 1957, Virginia was in the midst of a
widespread effort to maintain segregation in its public schools. Almond won the
election by pledging to uphold what became known as the Massive Resistance
movement. In September 1958, he made good on a promise of his predecessor Thomas B. Stanley when he
closed schools in Charlottesville, Front Royal, and
Norfolk
rather than see them desegregated. The Virginia Supreme Court of
Appeals, however, overturned the school-closing law on January 19, 1959, the
same day that the federal district court in Norfolk made a similar ruling.
Despite last-minute appeals from Almond, the closed schools reopened to an
integrated student body. By early in 1960, Almond retreated from his previously
unyielding stance on desegregation, separating himself from the still-vociferous
Massive Resisters in the Byrd Organization. He allowed Virginia schools to
integrate, but only with token efforts that embraced passive resistance (in its
1968 decision Green et al. v. County
School Board of New Kent County et al., the U.S. Supreme Court declared that passive resistance to integration
was also illegal). Almond left office in 1962 and served on the U.S. Court of
Customs and Patent Appeals from June 1963 until his death on April 14, 1986, at
the age of eighty-seven.
First published: January 28, 2008 | Last modified: April 7, 2011
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